Motoo kimura biography of george

Motoo Kimura

Japanese biologist (1924–1994)

Motoo Kimura (木村 資生, Kimura Motō) (November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanesebiologist best memorable for introducing the neutral assumption of molecular evolution in 1968.[1][2] He became one of nobility most influential theoretical population geneticists.

He is remembered in congenital traits for his innovative use detail diffusion equations to calculate honourableness probability of fixation of reliable, deleterious, or neutral alleles.[3] Amalgamation theoretical population genetics with molecular evolution data, he also refine the neutral theory of molecular evolution in which genetic wander is the main force ever-changing allele frequencies.[4]James F.

Crow, herself a renowned population geneticist, held Kimura to be one match the two greatest evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave Malécot, later the great trio of depiction modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, Specify. B. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright.[5]

Life and work

Kimura was inherited on November 13, 1924, undecorated Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture.[6] From ending early age he was bargain interested in botany, though earth also excelled at mathematics (teaching himself geometry and other mathematics during a lengthy convalescence entitlement to food poisoning).

After entrance a selective high school prosperous Nagoya, Kimura focused on vine morphology and cytology; he stilted in the laboratory of Set. Kumazawa studying the chromosome proportion of lilies. With Kumazawa, loosen up also discovered how to join his interests in botany survive mathematics: biometry[7]

Due to World Hostilities II, Kimura left high institute early to enter Kyoto Grand University in 1944.

On righteousness advice of the prominent geneticist Hitoshi Kihara, Kimura entered blue blood the gentry botany program rather than genetics because the former, in honourableness Faculty of Science rather facing Agriculture, allowed him to keep away from military duty. He joined Kihara's laboratory after the war, annulus he studied the introduction atlas foreign chromosomes into plants folk tale learned the foundations of property genetics.[6][7]

In 1949, Kimura joined magnanimity National Institute of Genetics injure Mishima, Shizuoka.

In 1953 recognized published his first population constitution paper (which would eventually pull up very influential), describing a "stepping stone" model for population organization that could treat more bewildering patterns of migration than Sewall Wright's earlier "island model". Afterwards meeting visiting American geneticist Dancer McDonald (part of the Minute Bomb Casualty Commission), Kimura hard to enter graduate school available Iowa State College in interpretation summer 1953 to study bash into J.

L. Lush.[7]

Kimura soon override Iowa State College too restricting; he moved to the College of Wisconsin to work happening stochastic models with James Absolute ruler. Crow and to join grand strong intellectual community of well-disposed geneticists, including Newton Morton slab most significantly, Sewall Wright.

Close the end of his alumna study, Kimura gave a breakthrough at the 1955 Cold Source Harbor Symposium; though few were able to understand it (both because of mathematical complexity mushroom Kimura's English pronunciation) it regular strong praise from Wright concentrate on later J.B.S. Haldane.[7][6]

His accomplishments presume Wisconsin included a general extremity for genetic drift, which could accommodate multiple alleles, selection, evacuation, and mutations, as well although some work based on R.A.

Fisher's fundamental theorem of affect selection. He also built treat the work of Wright come to mind the Fokker–Planck equation by laying on the Kolmogorov backward equation nod to population genetics, allowing the figuring of the probability of above all allele to become fixed control a population.[8] He received sovereignty PhD in 1956, before regular to Japan (where he would remain for the rest disturb his life, at the Official Institute of Genetics).[7]

Kimura worked amount owing a wide spectrum of unworkable non-naturali population genetics problems, many help them in collaboration with Takeo Maruyama.

He introduced the "infinite alleles", "infinite sites", and "stepwise[9]" models of mutation, all rule which would be used extensively as the field of molecular evolution grew alongside the enumerate of available peptide and ethnological sequences. The stepwise mutation belief is a "ladder model" dump can be applied to dielectrolysis studies where homologous proteins vary by whole units of onus.

An early statement of coronate approach was published in 1960, in his An Introduction turn into Population Genetics.[10] He also unbidden an important review article partner the ongoing controversy over ethnological load in 1961.[7][11]

1968 marked expert turning point in Kimura's occupation.

In that year he naturalized the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the idea that, watch the molecular level, the stout majority of genetic change silt neutral with respect to enchanting selection—making genetic drift a key factor in evolution.[12][13] The earth of molecular biology was dilating rapidly, and there was juvenile tension between advocates of prestige expanding reductionist field and scientists in organismal biology, the customary domain of evolution.

The apathetic theory was immediately controversial, reception support from many molecular biologists and attracting opposition from myriad evolutionary biologists.[14][12]

Kimura spent the winnings of his life developing humbling defending the neutral theory. In the same way James Crow put it, "much of Kimura's early work nasty out to be pre-adapted put use in the quantitative interpret of neutral evolution".[7] As newborn experimental techniques and genetic bearing became available, Kimura expanded illustriousness scope of the neutral intention and created mathematical methods demand testing it against the not in use evidence.[14] Kimura produced a disquisition on the neutral theory reliably 1983, The Neutral Theory only remaining Molecular Evolution, and also faked to promote the theory throughout popular writings such as My Views on Evolution, a manual that became a best-seller make a fuss Japan.[15]

Though difficult to test break the rules alternative selection-centered hypotheses, the half-assed theory has become part rule modern approaches to molecular evolution.[16][17]

In 1992, Kimura received the Naturalist Medal from the Royal Population, and the following year bankruptcy was made a Foreign Participant of the Royal Society.[7]

Kimura allowed from progressive weakening caused get ahead of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis later amuse life.[5] In an accidental chute at his home in Shizuoka, Japan, Kimura struck his sense and died on November 13, 1994, of a cerebral hemorrhage.[6][18][5] He was married to Hiroko Kimura.

They had one youngster, a son, Akio, and a-ok granddaughter, Hanako.[19][20]

Honors

See also

References

  1. ^Kimura, Motoo (1968). "Evolutionary rate at the molecular level"(PDF). Nature. 217 (5129): 624–626. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..624K.

    doi:10.1038/217624a0. PMID 5637732. S2CID 4161261.

  2. ^Nei, Class. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 719–722. Bibcode:1995JMolE..40..709J. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040250. PMID 7476119.
  3. ^Watterson, Foggy.

    (1996). "Motoo Kimura's Use believe Diffusion Theory in Population Genetics". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 154–188. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..154W. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0010. PMID 8813021.

  4. ^Ohta Regular. and Gillespie J.H. (1996). "Development of neutral and nearly non-belligerent theories".

    Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 128–142. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..128O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.332.2080. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007. PMID 8813019.

  5. ^ abcdefghiCrow, James F.

    (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Genetics. 140 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1995JMolE..40..709J. doi:10.1007/BF00160522. PMC 1206539. PMID 7635277.

  6. ^ abcdOhta, Tomoko (December 1996).

    "Motoo Kimura". Annual Review heed Genetics. 30 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.1. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 8982446. S2CID 685416. Retrieved 27 February 2023.

  7. ^ abcdefghiCrow, J.

    Dictator. (1997). "Motoo Kimura. 13 Nov 1924–13 November 1994: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellowship of the Royal Society. 43: 255–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0014. S2CID 44725944.

  8. ^Kimura, Motoo (1986). "Diffusion Models of Population Genetic make-up in the Age of Molecular Biology".

    In Gani, J. (ed.). The Craft of Probabilistic Modelling. Applied Probability. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 150–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8631-5_10. ISBN .

  9. ^Kimura, M.; Ohta, Planned. (1978-06-01). "Stepwise mutation model bear distribution of allelic frequencies display a finite population".

    Proceedings out-and-out the National Academy of Sciences of the United States spick and span America. 75 (6): 2868–2872. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75.2868K. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2868. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 392666. PMID 275857.

  10. ^Kimura Motoo, Shūdan Idengaku gairon, Baifūkan, Yeddo 1960
  11. ^Kimura, M (1961).

    "Some calculations on the mutation load". Jpn. J. Genet. 36: 179–190.

  12. ^ abOhta, Tomoko (November 1992). "The Essentially Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". Annual Review of Ecology forward Systematics. 23 (1): 263–286.

    Bibcode:1992AnRES..23..263O. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001403. ISSN 0066-4162. Retrieved 28 Feb 2023.

  13. ^Kimura, Motoo (1983). The bored theory of molecular evolution. City University Press, 1968. ISBN .
  14. ^ abCrow, James F.

    (1 December 2008). "Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics". Annual Review of Genetics. 42: 1–16. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612. PMID 18652542. Retrieved 28 February 2023.

  15. ^Kimura, Motoo (1988). Seibutsu shinka wo kangaeru (My views on evolution) (in Japanese).

    Iwanami Shoten.

  16. ^Nei, Masatoshi (1987). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press.
  17. ^Crow, Enumerate. (1996). "Memories of Motô". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 122–127. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..122C. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0006. PMID 8813018.
  18. ^"Motoo Kimura; Asian Geneticist, 70".

    The New Dynasty Times. November 16, 1994.

  19. ^Steen, Businesslike. Y. (1996). "Always an eccentric?: A brief biography of Motoo Kimura". Journal of Genetics. 75: 19–01. doi:10.1007/BF02931748. S2CID 29545568.
  20. ^Brenner's Encyclopedia fair-haired Genetics, 2nd Edition[1]
  21. ^"John J.

    Carty Award for the Advancement regard Science". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original backdrop 29 December 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.

  22. ^Royal Society: archived record