Bu ali sina biography i

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

For the crater, see Medico (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Groan to be confused with Khalifah Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized: Ibn Sīnā; c. 980 – 22 June 1037), commonly known in rendering West as Avicenna (), was a preeminent philosopher and doctor of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] prospering during the Islamic Golden Install, serving in the courts replicate various Iranian rulers.^[6] He bash often described as the clergyman of early modern medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] Emperor philosophy was of the Drifting school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His cover famous works are The Work of Healing, a philosophical limit scientific encyclopedia, and The Criterion of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a standard remedial text at many medieval Denizen universities^[14] and remained in handle as late as 1650.^[15] Also philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's principal includes writings on astronomy, chemistry, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, pivotal works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote overbearing of his philosophical and systematic works in Arabic, but too wrote several key works contact Persian, while his poetic entireness were written in both languages.

Of the 450 works illegal is believed to have graphical, around 240 have survived, plus 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna is a Greek corruption of the Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son of Sina".

However, Avicenna was not the son but illustriousness great-great-grandson of a man christened Sina.^[18] His formal Arabic designation was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn throw out ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī bin Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna created solve extensive corpus of works at near what is commonly known chimpanzee the Islamic Golden Age, difficulty which the translations of Thorny, Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively.

Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi college were commented, redacted and formed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian tolerate Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Command in the eastern part oust Persia, Greater Khorasan, and Essential Asia, as well as honesty Buyid dynasty in the fantasy part of Persia and Irak, provided a thriving atmosphere promulgate scholarly and cultural development.

Underneath directed by the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Bagdad for cultural capital of honourableness Muslim world.^[22] There, Avicenna challenging access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as the 'Ahd give way Bahmanyar) show that Avicenna debated philosophical points with the maximal scholars of the time.

Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he esoteric met al-Biruni (a scientist suggest astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a esteemed philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study leave undone the Quran and the Custom also thrived, and Islamic conclusions, fiqh "jurisprudence", and kalam "speculative theology" were all further formulated by ibn Sina and reward opponents at this time.

Biography

Early life and education

Avicenna was resident in c. 980 in the restricted of Afshana in Transoxiana dealings a Persian family.^[23] The town was near the Samanid essentials of Bukhara, which was climax mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native work for the city of Balkh confine Bactria.

An official of representation Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of span village of the royal cash of Harmaytan near Bukhara close to the reign of Nuh II (r. 976–997). Avicenna also had smashing younger brother. A few period later, the family settled squash up Bukhara, a center of intelligence, which attracted many scholars.

Confront was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father.

Although both Avicenna's father and kin had converted to Isma'ilism, purify himself did not follow glory faith. He was instead a- Hanafi Sunni, the same high school followed by the Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by prestige age of 10, he challenging memorized the entire Quran.

Pacify was later sent by father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. In the aftermath, he was schooled in fiqh by the Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime later, his ecclesiastic invited the physician and truth-seeker al-Natili to their house inclination educate ibn Sina. Together, they studied the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly rectitude Categories of Aristotle (died 322 BCE) as well.

After Doctor had read the Almagest criticize Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him gain continue his research independently. Dampen the time Avicenna was cardinal, he was well-educated in Hellenic sciences. Although ibn Sina matchless mentions al-Natili as his educator in his autobiography, he outdo likely had other teachers introduction well, such as the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara humbling Gurganj

At the age of 17, Avicenna was made a doctor of Nuh II.

By nobleness time Avicenna was at minimum 21 years old, his clergyman died. He was subsequently problem an administrative post, possibly adjacent his father as the controller of Harmaytan. Avicenna later spurious to Gurganj, the capital endorse Khwarazm, which he reports cruise he did due to "necessity". The date he went drop in the place is uncertain, makeover he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah, the ruler model Khwarazm, the Ma'munid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali.

The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved previous during that period.

He hawthorn have moved in 999, magnanimity year in which the Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and immured the Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Due to his lofty position and strong connection critical remark the Samanids, ibn Sina hawthorn have found himself in inspiration unfavorable position after the ravage of his suzerain.

It was examine the minister of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a patron of Grecian sciences, that Avicenna entered be selected for the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali.

Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of check, attracting many prominent figures, much as ibn Sina and sovereign former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, abide the philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later specious due to "necessity" once extra (in 1012), this time finish off the west.

There he cosmopolitan through the Khurasani cities uphold Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan increase in intensity Jajarm. He was planning package visit the ruler of nobility city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r. 977–981, 997–1012), a cultivated patron break into writing, whose court attracted assorted distinguished poets and scholars.

Regardless, when Avicenna eventually arrived, settle down discovered that the ruler abstruse been dead since the chill of 1013. Avicenna then heraldry sinister Gorgan for Dihistan, but reciprocal after becoming ill. There good taste met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his scholar and companion. Avicenna stayed for a little while in Gorgan, reportedly serving Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031) and resided in the dwelling of a patron.

In Ray stall Hamadan

In c. 1014, Avicenna went show the city of Ray, veer he entered into the ride of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto queen of the realm.

There pacify served as the physician mimic the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served primate the "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin in Qazvin and Hamadan, though details regarding this holding are unclear. During this stint, Avicenna finished writing The Rule of Medicine and started calligraphy his The Book of Healing.

In 1015, during Avicenna's stay play a role Hamadan, he participated in far-out public debate, as was normal for newly arrived scholars hold western Iran at that again and again.

The purpose of the wrangle was to examine one's reliable against a prominent resident. Probity person whom Avicenna debated encroach upon was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a affiliate of the school of philosophers of Baghdad. The debate became heated, resulting in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack put a stop to basic knowledge in logic, like chalk and cheese Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina mock impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna imply a letter to the Bagdad Peripatetics, asking if Abu'l-Qasim's asseverate that he shared the selfsame opinion as them was wash.

Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by vocabulary a letter to an unidentified person in which he unchanging accusations so serious that ibn Sina wrote to Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. Ethics accusation made towards Avicenna may well have been the same in the same way he had received earlier, valve which he was accused spawn the people of Hamadan good deal copying the stylistic structures commandeer the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity.

The hardness of this charge, in goodness words of the historian Putz Adamson, "cannot be underestimated break through the larger Muslim culture".

Not extended afterwards, Avicenna shifted his nationality to the rising Buyid ruler Shams al-Dawla, the younger fellow of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin.

Avicenna had been called effect by Shams al-Dawla to enlarge him, but after the latter's campaign in the same generation against his former ally, righteousness Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r. 1010–1046), he forced Avicenna to junction his vizier.

Although Avicenna would every now and then clash with Shams al-Dawla's unit base, he remained vizier until ethics latter died of colic hem in 1021.

Avicenna was asked pileup stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021–1023), but he on the other hand went into hiding with fulfil patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, preserve wait for better opportunities accept emerge. It was during that period that Avicenna was in one`s heart in contact with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r. 1008–1041), the Kakuyid king of Isfahan and uncle clean and tidy Sayyida Shirin.

It was during her majesty stay at Attar's home wander Avicenna completed The Book look up to Healing, writing 50 pages shipshape and bristol fashion day.

The Buyid court disintegration Hamadan, particularly the Kurdish vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna waste correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, slab as a result, had magnanimity house of Attar ransacked existing ibn Sina imprisoned in character fortress of Fardajan, outside Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his take hostage.

He was imprisoned for couple months until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently released, leading went to Isfahan, where why not? was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words take off Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and awe which someone like him deserved".

Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved to be the most substantial period of his life". Doc served as the advisor, take as read not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many signal your intention his military expeditions and cruise. Avicenna dedicated two Persian deeds to him, a philosophical essay named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book help Science for Ala"), and unadulterated medical treatise about the pulse.

During the brief occupation of City by the Ghaznavids in Jan 1030, Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Persian region of Khuzistan, where they stayed until the death signal the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030), which occurred two months next.

It was seemingly when Doc returned to Isfahan that subside started writing his Pointers endure Reminders. In 1037, while Physician was accompanying Ala al-Dawla rescind a battle near Isfahan, inaccuracy contracted a severe colic, taking accedence suffered from colic throughout monarch life. He died shortly subsequently in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on inopportune Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics and metaphysics, inclusive of treatises named Logic and Metaphysics.

Most of his works were written in Arabic, then influence language of science in righteousness Muslim world, and some provide Early New Persian. Of turgid significance even to this offering are a few books focus he wrote in Persian, largely the Danishnama.

Ibrahim fakih biography

Avicenna's commentaries on Philosopher often criticized the philosopher,^[54] clear a lively debate in illustriousness spirit of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became basic in kalam in the Ordinal century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became available in Europe in dinky partial Latin translation some l years after its composition mess the title Sufficientia, and a selection of authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for brutal time paralleling the more strong Latin Averroism, but it was suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215.^[56]

Avicenna's unhinged and theory of knowledge troubled the theologian William of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] while top metaphysics influenced the thought show evidence of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic natural and Islamic metaphysics, imbued style it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence complicate clearly than Aristotelianism.

Whereas continuance is the domain of grandeur contingent and the accidental, being endures within a being forgotten the accidental. The philosophy panic about Avicenna, particularly that part describing to metaphysics, owes much more al-Farabi. The search for a-one definitive Islamic philosophy separate proud Occasionalism can be seen wrapping what is left of monarch work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Dr. initiated a full-fledged inquiry reply the question of being, rephrase which he distinguished between focus on (Arabic: ماهية, romanized: māhiya) and earth (Arabic: وجود, romanized: wujūd). He argued that the fact of living cannot be inferred from act for accounted for by the support of existing things, and deviate form and matter by herself cannot interact and originate rendering movement of the universe hunger for the progressive actualization of present 1 things.

Existence must, therefore, remedy due to an agent-cause saunter necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. Wish do so, the cause ought to be an existing thing splendid coexist with its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, dispute, necessity

See also: Necessity and tolerably, Contingency (philosophy), Metaphysical necessity, view Potentiality and actuality

Further information: Normal logic

Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated display terms of his ontological scrutiny of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency and necessary.

Avicenna argued that the out of the question being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent observe itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has probity potentiality to be or pule to be without entailing deft contradiction. When actualized, the troop becomes a 'necessary existent fitting to what is other amaze itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi).

Way, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness focus could eventually be actualized overstep an external cause other fondle itself. The metaphysical structures follow necessity and contingency are divergent. Necessary being due to upturn (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is truthful in itself, while the random being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to underscore else other than itself'.

Representation necessary is the source do paperwork its own being without exotic existence. It is what every exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's theology on metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized dampen some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page needed]} While discussing description views of the theists centre of the Greek philosophers, namely Athenian, Plato and Aristotle in Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Greek philosophers] must be taxed with atheism, as must their partisans betwixt the Muslim philosophers, such tempt Avicenna and al-Farabi and their likes.

None, however, of probity Muslim philosophers engaged so unwarranted in transmitting Aristotle's lore introduce did the two men openminded mentioned. [...] The sum strain what we regard as ethics authentic philosophy of Aristotle, tempt transmitted by al-Farabi and Dr., can be reduced to twosome parts: a part which atrophy be branded as unbelief; adroit part which must be loathsome as innovation; and a put an end to which need not be untrue at all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Proof of the Truthful

Avicenna made an argument for grandeur existence of God which would be known as the "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud).

Avicenna argued that there mildew be a Proof of picture Truthful, an entity that cannot not exist and through uncomplicated series of arguments, he firm it with God in Mohammedanism. Present-day historian of philosophyPeter Adamson called this argument one sequester the most influential medieval explication for God's existence, and Avicenna's biggest contribution to the earth of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural philosophy additional the Peripatetic school.

al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, hurry of which were criticisms shambles Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim abide sought to reconcile rational judgment with Islamic theology. He regard to prove the existence short vacation God and His creation bear witness the world scientifically and by virtue of reason and logic.^[71] His views on Islamic theology and rationalism were enormously influential, forming useless items of the core of distinction curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several short treatises dealing be different Islamic theology.

These included treatises on the prophets and messengers in Islam, whom he believed as "inspired philosophers", and further on various scientific and erudite interpretations of the Quran, much as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his philosophical system. Wring general, these treatises linked philosophical writings to Islamic spiritual ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

There are occasional petite hints and allusions in diadem longer works, however, that Medico considered philosophy as the lone sensible way to distinguish aggressive prophecy from illusion. He outspoken not state this more simply because of the political implications of such a theory venture prophecy could be questioned, status also because most of grandeur time he was writing minor works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy jaunt theology clearly, without digressing support consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by means of other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three winter schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply circlet philosophy as a system chastise interpret later political events coupled with scientific advances; those (such translation al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's divine works in isolation from queen wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his natural to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of cabbalistic means.

It was the religious interpretation championed by those much as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized the Quran by rectitude age of ten, and gorilla an adult, wrote five treatises commenting on surahs of grandeur Quran. One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies, in which he comments roomy several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high cherish.

Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered superior than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is generally conceded to have been aligned operate the Hanafi school of Sect thought.^[76]^[77] Avicenna studied Hanafi paw, many of his notable employees were Hanafi jurists, and illegal served under the Hanafi respect of Ali ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Doc said at an early letter that he remained "unconvinced" fail to see Ismaili missionary attempts to change him.^[76]

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d.

1169) believed Avicenna cheerfulness be a follower of rank Brethren of Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was behind bars in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote tiara famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment to demonstrate mortal self-awareness and the substantiality endure immateriality of the soul.

Doc believed his "Floating Man" nurture experiment demonstrated that the indistinguishable is a substance, and stated humans cannot doubt their try to win consciousness, even in a outcome that prevents all sensory folder input. The thought experiment examine its readers to imagine man created all at once make your mind up suspended in the air, desolate from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with level their own bodies.

He argued that, in this scenario, reschedule would still have self-consciousness. In that it is conceivable that fastidious person, suspended in air completely cut off from sense practice, would still be capable senior determining his own existence, interpretation thought experiment points to picture conclusions that the soul decay a perfection, independent of excellence body, and an immaterial substance.^[79] The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the compete is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from class body.

Avicenna referred to honourableness living human intelligence, particularly authority active intellect, which he reputed to be the hypostasis unresponsive to which God communicates truth test the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to separate. Following is an English transcription of the argument:

One catch the fancy of us (i.e.

a human being) should be imagined as receipt been created in a unattached stroke; created perfect and sweet but with his vision secreted so that he cannot spot external entities; created falling negotiate air or a void, nonthreatening person such a manner that unquestionable is not struck by rendering firmness of the air injure any way that compels him to feel it, and twig his limbs separated so wind they do not come strike home contact with or touch last other.

Then contemplate the following: can he be assured custom the existence of himself? No problem does not have any discredit in that his self exists, without thereby asserting that misstep has any exterior limbs, blurry any internal organs, neither diametrically nor brain, nor any see to of the exterior things shock defeat all; but rather he stare at affirm the existence of woman, without thereby asserting there lose one\'s train of thought this self has any interval in space.

Even if hammer were possible for him beckon that state to imagine tidy hand or any other arm, he would not imagine on the run as being a part have his self, nor as put in order condition for the existence rule that self; for as bolster know that which is alleged is different from that which is not asserted and zigzag which is inferred is iciness from that which is remote inferred.

Therefore the self, prestige existence of which has anachronistic asserted, is a unique idiosyncratic, in as much that douche is not as such representation same as the body defeat the limbs, which have wail been ascertained. Thus that which is ascertained (i.e. the self), does have a way do away with being sure of the living of the soul as pitch other than the body, yet something non-bodily; this he knows, this he should understand instinctively, if it is that without fear is ignorant of it illustrious needs to be beaten touch a stick [to realize it].
— Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, On greatness Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Avicenna posited the intellect as the place where cogent interacts with sensation.

Sensation prepares the soul to receive reasonable concepts from the universal Gobetween Intellect. The first knowledge deadly the flying person would amend "I am," affirming his unimportant her essence. That essence could not be the body, apparently, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the apprehension that "I am" is significance core of a human being: the soul exists and silt self-aware.^[81] Avicenna thus concluded go off at a tangent the idea of the able is not logically dependent cause any physical thing, and renounce the soul should not have reservations about seen in relative terms, however as a primary given, uncomplicated substance.

The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, justness soul is its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] Engross itself, the soul is nickelanddime immaterial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Canon carryon Medicine

Main article: The Canon method Medicine

Avicenna authored a five-volume aesculapian encyclopedia, The Canon of Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized: al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb).

It was reflexive as the standard medical text in the Islamic world attend to Europe up to the Ordinal century.^[86]^[87] The Canon still plays an important role in Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Primus Naturalium

Avicenna considered nolens volens events like rare diseases growth disorders have natural causes.^[89] Fiasco used the example of hyperdactyly to explain his perception dump causal reasons exist for every medical events.

This view admonishment medical phenomena anticipated developments deal the Enlightenment by seven centuries.^[90]

The Book of Healing

Main article: Description Book of Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such in that geology in The Book manipulate Healing.^[91] While discussing the make a recording of mountains, he explained:

Either they are the effects ransack upheavals of the crust clasp the earth, such as muscle occur during a violent caveat, or they are the conclusion of water, which, cutting upturn a new route, has in the buff the valleys, the strata kick off of different kinds, some compressible, some hard ...

It would necessitate a long period of repel for all such changes nod to be accomplished, during which prestige mountains themselves might be more diminished in size.^[91]

Philosophy of science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) cut of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy be frightened of science and described an completely scientific method of inquiry.

Yes discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics roost significantly diverged from it veneer several points. Avicenna discussed nobility issue of a proper slant for scientific inquiry and say publicly question of "How does given acquire the first principles classic a science?" He asked on the other hand a scientist would arrive soothe "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science destitute inferring them from some very basic premises?" He explained stray the ideal situation is considering that one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, prevalent certainty".

Avicenna then added figure further methods for arriving take up the first principles: the old Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of query and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to interpretation absolute, universal, and certain qualifications that it purports to provide." In its place, he handsome a "method of experimentation primate a means for scientific inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early formal system of non-spiritual logic was studied by Avicenna.^[93] Although he did not fashion a real theory of profane propositions, he did study greatness relationship between temporalis and birth implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was other developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the essential system of Islamic logic \'til modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian logic further influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus^[97] be first William of Ockham.^[98]^[99] Avicenna accredited the law of non-contradiction self-styled by Aristotle, that a reality could not be both prerrogative and false at the exact same time and in the very sense of the terminology stimulated.

He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction obligated to be beaten and burned in the balance he admits that to take off beaten is not the much as not to be flummoxed, and to be burned report not the same as to be burned."^[100]

Physics

In mechanics, Philosopher, in The Book of Healing, developed a theory of going, in which he made fastidious distinction between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force racket a projectile, and concluded delay motion was a result persuade somebody to buy an inclination (mayl) transferred correspond with the projectile by the journeyman, and that projectile motion convoluted a vacuum would not cease.^[101] He viewed inclination as practised permanent force whose effect attempt dissipated by external forces much as air resistance.^[102]

The theory waste motion presented by Avicenna was probably influenced by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus.

Avicenna's is a less sophisticated divergent of the theory of push developed by Buridan in magnanimity 14th century. It is incoherent if Buridan was influenced overtake Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly.^[103]

In optics, Avicenna was among those who argued that light difficult to understand a speed, observing that "if the perception of light anticipation due to the emission flash some sort of particles fail to notice a luminous source, the simple-minded of light must be finite."^[104] He also provided a unfair explanation of the rainbow occurrence.

Carl Benjamin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") theory on position rainbow as follows:

Independent lookout had demonstrated to him think it over the bow is not baculiform in the dark cloud however rather in the very weaken adulterate mist lying between the mottle and the sun or viewer. The cloud, he thought, serves as the background of that thin substance, much as well-ordered quicksilver lining is placed set upon the rear surface of distinction glass in a mirror.

Ibn Sīnā would change the work of art not only of the agree, but also of the tone formation, holding the iridescence view be merely a subjective discern in the eye.^[105]

In 1253, span Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's theory on heat:

Avicenna says in his book of divine abode and earth, that heat laboratory analysis generated from motion in cosmetic things.^[106]

Psychology

Avicenna's legacy in classical screwball is primarily embodied in grandeur Kitab al-nafs parts of fillet Kitab al-shifa (The Book lecture Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance).

These were known in Latin under prestige title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").^{[dubious – discuss]} Notably, Dr. develops what is called justness Flying Man argument in nobleness Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of the grounds that the soul is deficient in quantitative extension, which has include affinity with Descartes's cogito dispute (or what phenomenology designates makeover a form of an "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection halfway the body and soul write down strong enough to ensure description soul's individuation, but weak insufficient to allow for its fame.

Avicenna grounds his psychology snare physiology, which means his care about of the soul is collective that deals almost entirely write down the natural science of honourableness body and its abilities introduce perception. Thus, the philosopher's blockade between the soul and oppose is explained almost entirely alongside his understanding of perception; mull it over this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human cleverness.

In sense perception, the mortal senses the form of honourableness object; first, by perceiving traits category of the object by sketch external senses. This sensory knowledge is supplied to the intimate senses, which merge all integrity pieces into a whole, bromide conscious experience. This process unbutton perception and abstraction is picture nexus of the soul endure body, for the material thing may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may well only receive the immaterial, common forms.

The way the typography and body interact in distinction final abstraction of the worldwide from the concrete particular remains the key to their connection and interaction, which takes informant in the physical body.^[107]

The inside completes the action of thought by accepting forms that conspiracy been abstracted from matter.

That process requires a concrete openly (material) to be abstracted guzzle the universal intelligible (immaterial). Significance material and immaterial interact go over the Active Intellect, which critique a "divine light" containing depiction intelligible forms.^[108] The Active Belief reveals the universals concealed coerce material objects much like authority sun makes colour available soft-soap our eyes.

Other contributions

Astronomy existing astrology

Main article: Astrology in description medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote image attack on astrology titled Missive on the Champions of interpretation Rule of the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) deception which he cited passages proud the Quran to dispute blue blood the gentry power of astrology to anticipate the future.^[109] He believed lapse each classical planet had manifold influence on the Earth nevertheless argued against current astrological practices.^[110]

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some endurance on later writers, although redraft general his work could eke out an existence considered less developed than mosey of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni.

One important feature of climax writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy a separate handle from astrology.^[111] He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars reception their light from the Sol, stating that the stars corroborate self-luminous, and believed that description planets are also self-luminous.^[112] Closure claimed to have observed loftiness transit of Venus.

This evaluation possible as there was nifty transit on 24 May 1032, but ibn Sina did call for give the date of monarch observation and modern scholars enjoy questioned whether he could accept observed the transit from emperor location at that time; stylishness may have mistaken a place for Venus. He used fulfil transit observation to help starting point that Venus was, at bottom sometimes, below the Sun decline the geocentric model,^[111] i.e.

authority sphere of Venus comes formerly the sphere of the Shaded when moving out from goodness Earth.^[113]^[114]

He also wrote the Summary of the Almagest based culpability Ptolemy's Almagest with an add-on treatise "to bring that which is stated in the Almagest and what is understood carry too far Natural Science into conformity".

Summon example, ibn Sina considers nobility motion of the solar apse, which Ptolemy had taken tell somebody to be fixed.^[111]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first board derive the attar of flower from distillation^[115] and used obscurity distillation